PAYMENT AND TRADE FINANCE - A Case Study- corporate finance involving Essay

Installment AND TRADE FINANCE - A Case Study-corporate account including law - Essay Example Saida tenders to Big Bank plc a pre-printed â€Å"shipped on-board† bill of filling with an issuance date of 31 March. There is additionally a documentation alluding to â€Å"10,002 tons Class A concrete completely stacked on 1 April with 5% on deck†. Saida has additionally offered a word-prepared spread note alluding to 10,000 tons Grade A concrete checked â€Å"as original† however not marked, and a receipt for â€Å"approximately 10,000 tons high evaluation cement†. It is commonly known in the business that Class A methods concrete with a virtue level of in any event 98%†. A surveyor’s testament is additionally offered which expresses that the concrete is somewhat stained. Large Bank has second thoughts about the reports and pays Saida â€Å"under reserve† and â€Å"without prejudice†. Armita, Small Bank’s chief, will not repay Big Bank based on resistance. She additionally presumes that the date entered by the shipmast er on the bill of replenishing is bogus. Armita additionally requests to see a testament of root since it is her bank’s strategy not to manage merchandise exuding from specific nations. Saida has additionally contracted to offer a transfer of sulfur to Turhan. The agreement expects Saida to make sure about for Turhan’s advantage, a presentation assurance to the measure of ?30,000 gave by Nidhi Bank, a bank in London, England, ensuring Saida’s execution. That assurance is communicated in the accompanying terms: â€Å"We embrace to pay you on your attestation of Saida’s default or penetrate of Contract No 34/06 recorded as a hard copy being gotten at this office and bearing our reference Guarantee No 666/05A ... † Saida will not send when she finds Turhan has neglected to open a letter of credit in support of herself. Turhan’s bank has declined to give the letter of credit in light of liquidity issues. Turhan makes an interest under the assura nce on Nidhi Bank by saying something attesting Saida’s inability to send yet the interest alludes to Assurance No 666/05. Talk about the rights and liabilities of the gatherings under English law. Ans# Trade acknowledge is regularly utilized as a strategy for installment for both the local just as the worldwide exchange business. Be that as it may, it is for the most part utilized in universal exchange considering the general dangers associated with the global exchange exchanges just as the job of banks in encouraging the installments between the gatherings. As such the credit utilized for the buy and financing of the inventories and current resources is called transient credit while the credit utilized for the financing of the capital use is considered as the drawn out money and the two kinds of funds can be profited through global exchange transactions.1 It is essential to see in any case, that the installments in the universal exchange account are frequently administered through various laws. Above all laws and guidelines set by the International Chamber of Commerce or ICC are considered as authoritative on the gatherings associated with the universal exchange exchanges. The significant arrangement of rules overseeing the worldwide exchange exchanges incorporate UCP 600 which really give a definite outline of the rights and commitments of each gathering to the exchange in the universal exchange other than administering the quick finish of such exchanges. 2 Under UCP 600, not just the rights and commitments of the gatherings are illustrated however the general job and duties of the banks and

The Early Childhood Education

Training is an advantage for each individual and likely the most significant perky is the point at which it begins, at youth. This chooses the youngster's mentality to training all through life and its ability to learn. Kids begin to learn right off the bat throughout everyday life and however it may not be understood that in any event, during the initial not many long periods of life the youngster starts trying different things with language. The perspectives towards proficiency create during this period and immeasurably significant ideas of education extend during these years through the consideration of the grown-ups and different types of print that they opportunity to meet. This significant type of proficiency is made out of a few key parts as per the specialists on education and this first of these is phonetic mindfulness. This is an understanding that discourse contains numerous units like verbally expressed words, syllables and sounds. The kids continuously become acquainted with names of letters, their shapes and sounds. Over some undefined time frame they likewise build up the ability to dismantle each verbally expressed word as far as sound and furthermore join sounds to shape words. (Advancing Literacy Activities in Early Childhood Settings) The youngsters need to hear and state the pieces of the word and afterward no one but they can figure out how to understand it. They need to comprehend the significance of each stable in a word, as this is the main way they will figure out how to state the word appropriately and not grow a lot of a complement or slang which will hurt the capacity of people to get it. For this reason the kids must be furnished with training in coordinating sounds and letters. Much after they figure out how to state the words, they need to work on perusing those words commonly as it is just practice that makes an individual great. It is simple for youngsters to comprehend that there are numerous words in material that is perused for they will likewise need to learn it. (Starting to Read †Preschool through Grade 2) The most significant issue in this is tolerance as nobody is immaculate when beginning and all things considered, the youngster will commit errors, and it is surely not a conscious disappointment or an endeavor to disturb the educator. The most significant part is tolerance. The following part is the comprehension of alphabetic standards, and this comprises of connecting the letters of the letter set with the relating sounds that they should create. The significance of this can be comprehended from the significance that is doled out to information on the letter set at school section and this has additionally been seen as perhaps the best marker of the capacity of perusing accomplishment for youngsters. (Advancing Literacy Activities in Early Childhood Settings) For this, it is significant that the youngsters can discuss effectively with all little children, and a significant part in this is to disentangle the discussion with them and not use â€Å"baby talk†. The kids need to comprehend the educator yet at the same time understand that sounds are connected to letters in order which can't be changed. The discussion must be basic enough for them to comprehend and it is smarter to state â€Å"Let's get coats on† as opposed to stating â€Å"We are going to go for a stroll around the square, so you should put your jacket on†. (Early Literacy and Beginning to Read) This may appear to be an order, however when the kid would prefer not do it, at that point the kid will dissent, and afterward further talk can tell the youngster the reason. Some of the time, it tends to be even shown by activity as the youngsters are similarly equipped for correspondence through activity. The main technique for crying is just to draw the consideration of the mother. Simultaneously, it is critical to utilize the kids' names for responding with them so the whole discussion is customized and furthermore make the youngster mindful of its own personality. This frequently prompts its very own utilization name for alluding to itself as opposed to stating â€Å"I†. This is an abuse that will get remedied in time when the kid learns the distinction among things and pronouns. What is required is tolerance. There are various strategies for empowering the advancement of dialects like understanding stories, singing melodies, tuning in to recorded tunes and music, and giving them chances to respond with other youngsters and grown-ups. (Advancing Literacy Activities in Early Childhood Settings) It is smarter to leave kids in a creche where they can respond with other kids than disregarding them in a house. There are contrasts between kids; some discussion more than others and this is a characteristic distinction and ought not get the instructor stressed. Excursions are significant and during them things ought to be disclosed to youngsters, however clarify just what needs clarification. Youngsters are not boneheads as human insight creates 90 percent of the full grown-up limit for the person by the age of four. At the point when superfluous data is given to kids they likewise fight, and frequently they don't know about habits that are required in the public arena. One ought not get irritated, yet continue regularly. Talk with every past tense and future tenses, however recall that for kids up to a specific age, past tense is the thing that happened yesterday and what will happen tomorrow is future. For full understanding and degree of past and future, they require significant investment. Those are not the finish of the underlying instruction that is required by a kid. Another angle is of print mindfulness through which the kid comprehends that print conveys the significance of the story and the procedure is through printed words which relate to verbally expressed words. In English the print moves from left to right and start to finish on a page, and it ought to be the activity of training to show the youngsters print, open them to print and connection up print to the sounds. Another key part is the improvement of composing and this likewise begins right off the bat in a youngster's life. As a rule, even before the youngster is officially acquainted with composing, they connect with themselves in jotting, creating various structures which can be supposed to resemble letters and utilize their own spelling to communicate letters. These are positively valuable as they help the youngsters to comprehend the connection among words and sound. There are additionally oral language abilities which are the youngster's jargon and comprehension of the utilizations and shows of communicated in language. The general finding among specialists is that youngsters, who have bigger vocabularies in early life, by and large end up with more noteworthy semantic capacities. (Advancing Literacy Activities in Early Childhood Settings) The greatest inquiry in the whole procedure of training of youngsters is that they our accomplices and their assistance are absolutely required. It is an extraordinary joy to encourage youngsters as they are straightforwardly the children and little girls of God and we stay in a cleaner situation when managing them.

Women in Medicine Essay Example for Free

Ladies in Medicine Essay One reason why there was such a great amount of restriction to ladies turning out to be specialists was on the grounds that society anticipated that ladies should wed youthful and produce kids. The idea of ladies working stunned numerous as individuals didn't anticipate that their little girls or spouses should work professionally. The men accepted that it was them who were predominant, both truly and intellectually. They didn't consider sense to be teaching ladies as they accepted that ladies were too inept to even consider understanding medication in any case. They expected that they couldn't confide in these ladies with patients’ lives and acknowledge that they would not commit senseless errors which could prompt the passing of the patient. Any lady that prevailing with regards to turning into a specialist was still idea of as substandard compared to the men since they accepted she would not have the option to comprehend their perplexing personalities. This resistance likewise could have been because of the notoriety of medical attendants in the principal half of the nineteenth century. With no feeling of demonstrable skill, the attendants were about constantly tanked and grimy which urged the men to accept that all ladies would be the equivalent if they somehow managed to enter the universe of medication. Medical attendants regularly took up prostitution to acquire additional cash in this manner further appalling men and causing them to accept that it was anything but a reasonable thought for a decent lady to enter the occupation. So even the ladies who were truly keen on turning out to be proficient specialists would have been barred and named under a similar class as these attendants. Another explanation may have been that men basically didn't care for being determined what to do by ladies. On the off chance that insightful ladies were to enter the calling, they may make significant disclosures before the men along these lines harming a man’s pride and conscience. Men may have felt undermined by ladies that they thought were attempting to usurp the calling, and accordingly excused them as moronic and amateurish with the goal that they could guarantee that it was just them who made incredible revelations. At last, religion was a significant explanation with regards to why there was restriction from men. The congregation precluded ladies from accomplishing training and accordingly numerous strict men may have prohibited ladies since they were adhering to the church’s rules and their religion. In the event that they permitted ladies to get clinical preparing, they would have been conflicting with the Church which was extremely incredible in the Middle Ages.

New Article Reveals the Low Down on Good Topics for Argumentative Essay and Why You Must Take Action Today

New Article Reveals the Low Down on Good Topics for Argumentative Essay and Why You Must Take Action Today Good Topics for Argumentative Essay - Dead or Alive? Planning is critical in any sort of home task, from creating a powerpoint presentation to supplying American Government homework help to your friend. Read the list and stay in mind that interesting topics are a perfect way for an intriguing assignment. Advertising and the media are now nearly inseparable from society for a whole. The reader needs to be impressed by how you defend your ideas. It is crucial to begin with demonstrating the major idea of the entire piece so you and your readers are going to be on the identical page. So, remembering the audience of your essay will be really valuable for you. With our help, you're bound to be successful. Good Topics for Argumentative Essay Features Since it's an argumentative essay, think about the counter argument. When you are requested to select a great topic for your argument, start with something you're familiarized with. Arguments always happen in a particular context. You're probably conscious of the basic arguments. Furthermore, analyze the sources you'll be able to utilize to base your arguments on. Bear in mind you will want to analyze arguments and evidence for your essay to seem good. It's essential not just to supply the evidence to back up your position but also to refute that of your opponents. You have to come across decent evidence to strengthen your ideas and examples to illustrate the evidence. It's only natural that you find it simple to compose the essay on a topic which you are interested in. Examine the list to choose the topic which can help you compose a creative essay for your middle school class. The key to pick a great topic for an argumentative essay is to choose a subject where there's a lot of debates on topics or stances. Choosing very good essay topics for middle school needs to be a careful procedure, where a balance must be struck between topics that could be too simplistic, more acceptable for the main school, and choosing argumentative essay topics that can b e too intricate or controversial. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Choosing topics for argumentative essays is important for your general success. Taking into account that lots of persuasive essays concern controversial topics, before writing, you can want to sit down and think of what your opinion on the topic actually is. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Good Topics for Argumentative Essay Writing a great persuasive essay is not a simple job, however, it's achievable. After you've got an idea how to cope with an argumentative essay, you can start writing it as you've got all vital facts for your own essay. You don't need to lose grades as a result of incorrect essay format. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to locate ready-made essays and use them as an example. When you are finished with your essay, you must not simply check it for spelling and grammatical errors, but nevertheless, it also has to be checked for logical fallacies. Only one sentence is sufficient. You should be able to use persuasive language. Definitions of Good Topics for Argumentative Essay Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper can help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't challenging to discover. If you've got to compose your whole essay in 1 day, do your very best to give yourself breaks so you don't burn out. Argumentative writings is a particular sort of a paper. Health care topics result in a terrific research paper because students may concentrate on patient care, the proposed government-run medical care system and ethics. Another reason is to observe how well students argue on various views and demonstrate understanding of the studied subjec t. Thus, the students do not have to devote any energy or time on going through a great deal of topics to select one. For instance, high-school students may not have adequate time or resources necessary to thoroughly cover a topic, including whether soccer benefits Latino communities financially or not.

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Having Our Say by Sadie and Bessie Delany Essay - 1084 Words

Having Our Say by Sadie and Bessie Delany The social, cultural and political history of America as it affects the life course of American citizens became very real to us as the Delany sisters, Sadie and Bessie, recounted their life course spanning a century of living in their book Having Our Say. The Delany sisters’ lives covered the period of their childhood in Raleigh, North Carolina, after the Surrender to their adult lives in Harlem, New York City during the roaring twenties, to a quiet retirement in suburban, New York City, as self-styled maiden ladies. At the ages of 102 and 104, these ladies have lived long enough to look back over a century of their existence and appreciate the value of a good family life and†¦show more content†¦Basic habits such as clean bodies, clean thoughts, a love of music and concern for the less fortunate, became a way of life in their family. Therefore, the Delanys, although not wealthy were considered an elite black family due to their high values and standards (p.69). Why in reviewing their lives they considered themselves very lucky? Because the life of black people outside the doors of their sheltered home and the gates of St. Augustine were vastly different. Sadie and Bessie witnessed and experienced the insults and indignities of being black in the South during the Reconstruction period and the enactment of Jim Crow laws. John Hope Franklin, in his book From Slavery to Freedom, explained that after the Civil War, the South was filled with former slaves who were disoriented and ill prepared for freedom, suffering from starvation and disease †¦ homeless and without jobs wandering from place to place, much to the disgust and fear of whites. (Franklin, p. 222). That was the plight of most black people. Sadie and Bessie worked during the Reconstruction era teaching in the rural south to raise money and saw the poverty and felt the insults of Jim Crow Laws with its Coloreds and Whites only signs. And as Lerone Bennett, Jr. in A HistoryShow More RelatedHaving Our Say Essay9582 Words   |  39 PagesBookRags Literature Study Guide Having Our Say (novel) by Sarah Louise Delany For the online version of BookRags Having Our Say (novel) Literature Study Guide, including complete copyright information, please visit: http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-having-our-say/ Copyright Information  ©2000-2011 BookRags, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and CriticismRead MoreThe Delany Sisters Essay841 Words   |  4 PagesHaving Our Say: The Delany Sisters First 100 Years Having Our Say is the amazing story about the almost invincible Delany sisters. In this novel, Sarah L. Delaney and A. Elizabeth Delany tell the tale of their century long lives in America. The reader learns about their whole lives starting from their childhood, which was on the campus of St. Augustines College in Raleigh, North Carolina, all the way to their final years in which they lived in New York. During their lives, the Delany sistersRead MoreRacism in Having Our Say862 Words   |  4 PagesHaving Our Say â€Å"The truth is you’re born a certain way and there’s some things you can change and some things you can’t† One of the many smart truthful things that Elizabeth Delany (Bessie) said. As Bessie and Sarah Delany (Sadie) grow up, the book Having our Say by Amy Hill Hearth and the two sisters follows every bit of the sisters lives through their own eyes just as they remembered it. As the two â€Å"colored† women are born and raised in the south they are raised on the campus of Saint Augustine’sRead MoreFull Bio Psycho Social Assessment Of Bessie Delany2241 Words   |  9 PagesHaving Our Say Full bio-psycho-social assessment of Bessie Delany In this assignment, Professor Alton Clark Dubois’ Social Work 319 class was required to read the book; having Our Say by the Delany sisters’ first hundred years (Delany, Delany, Hearth, 1993). Author Amy H. Hearth co-wrote this inspiring book alongside sisters Bessie and Addie Delany. â€Å"This book is woven from thousands of anecdotes that I coaxed from the Delany sisters’ during an 18-month period (September 1991 to AprilRead MoreSarah Louise s Relationship Between Race, Class And Gender Essay841 Words   |  4 Pageshundred years is just a blip in time on the cosmic scale, living from 1889 to 1999, as Sarah Louise Sadie Delany did, is not something to be overlooked. In fact, Sadie and her younger sister Annie Elizabeth Delany’s (also known as Bessie) total age was 213 years old! That is incredibly aspiring, given the fact that these two women witnessed a century of oppression and subjugation. Having Our Say is the story of these remarkable sisters, with the opening of the film showing us the sisters as old

Towards Introducing and Implementation of Soa Design Antipatterns free essay sample

Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is an architectural practice followed by organizations to reduce total cost of ownership, ease of maintenance in software development implementing various SOC principles. Dissatisfactory performance of SOA projects has stimulated the developers to analyze the SOA worst practices or antipatterns. Our research aimed at identifying these wrong practices in implementation of SOA, i. e. antipatterns. In this paper, four antipatterns SOA==SOAP, using plain WSDL, web service discovery only through UDDI, and service for an application have been identified and presented in SOA antipattern template. These antipatterns are related to the use of SOAP, WSDL, UDDI and basic service definition, which initially seemed to be correct but later resulted into reduced performance benefits. Keywords- Service, Service Oriented Computing, SOA, Design patterns, Antipatterns. Introduction Service Oriented Computing (SOC) is the latest design paradigm used to implement distributed systems. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) implements various service orientation principles, which are designed for organizing and utilizing distributed capabilities that may be under the control of different ownership domains. It comprises of a set of components as services that can be invoked and whose interface descriptions are published and discovered [1-3]. The popularity of SOA has motivated designers to document its applications and implementations. Many best practices in the form of design patterns have been defined for SOA. They capture expert knowledge about best practices in software design, in a form that allows that knowledge to be reused and applied in the design of many different types of software. Some of the solutions have stood the test of time while others have not. These blemishing design patterns lead to the concept of Antipatterns. Antipatterns are specific repeated practices that appear initially to be beneficial but ultimately result in undesirable consequences Documentation of antipatterns helps the programmer to be aware of the common wrong practices, and hence improves the project statistics. There are various problems in adaptation of SOA, which result into the dissatisfactory performance of SOA projects. These problems are to be seriously catered; hence practitioners have started addressing different bad or worst practices of SOA implementation in form of antipatterns. SOA is a logical way of designing a software system to provide services either to end-user applications or other services distributed in a network via published and discoverable interfaces. There are several available SOA best practices and design patterns, which are currently used in the implementation of SOA based projects [14, 15, 22, 26, 29, 32]. Antipatterns have been addressed by practitioners after year’s long experience in the field. A survey on different antipatterns was performed exploring various worst practices and the causes of the failure of SOA projects [9, 14, 23, 28]. Antipatterns for SOA have already been documented [16-20, 25, 28, 31], but our major concern was on the SOA design antipatterns. Moreover, they have been described at different levels of abstraction, which makes them appear independent and isolated. After studying various SOA implementations, case studies [9, 12, 18, 32], News agency Service project of Signett IT enabled services, Travel Portal project [20] and few others [28-32] , it has been observed that there are some flaws in implementation of SOA. Since SOA is still in its nascent stage. Its success and importance still needs to be proved. Four antipatterns have been identified in this research work. They concentrate mainly on SOA design. These are SOA==SOAP, Using Plain WSDL, Web service discovery only through UDDI and Service for application. The first antipatterns SOA==SOAP focuses on ignorance of other parallel approaches to SOA. Second antipattern focuses on improper representation of service using WSDL. Third antipattern recommends the use of REST services which do not require any service registry to be discovered and prefers using customized registries. The fourth antipattern highlights the wrongly implemented concept of service forgetting the basic service design principles. The proposed antipatterns focus on SOA design and would definitely reduce certain overheads and result into a successful SOA implementation. It is sincerely hoped that these antipatterns would help the programmers to design a successful strategy for SOA implementation in their project. Some of the domain areas such as request change, data handling have been left unexplored and few more antipatterns can be identified. A framework for building SOA applications could also be developed which would integrate various features necessary features for SOA implementations. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II of the paper briefly explains the antipattern template that will be used to describe the proposed antipatterns. Section III explains each of these proposed antipatterns along with their implementation and re-factored solutions. The fourth section provides future work in this direction of research and the conclusion of the paper followed by the references used. SOA Antipattern Template Antipatterns describe a commonly occurring solution to a problem that generates negative results i. e. seemingly well but in fact, wrong solutions. Design patterns and antipatterns are closely related. Former defines commonly applied solutions to well known problems, while later are the specific repeated practices that initially appear to be beneficial but ultimately result in undesirable consequences. An essence of antipattern is two solutions. First is the commonly occurring problematic solution that generates wrong results, another is the re-factored solution i. e. the esolved, reengineered and beneficial form of antipatterns. Those that describe only the negative solution are called pseudo antipatterns [31]. There are various problems in the adaptation of SOA, which result into the failure of SOA projects. These problems are to be seriously catered; hence practitioners have started addressing different bad or worst practices of SOA implementation in form of antipatterns. Antipatt erns proposed by different organizations have been fragmented and have been focusing on the complete SOA life cycle i. e. from the origin of concept to realization. The pioneer work on the subject focused primarily on object oriented antipatterns. It should be known that object oriented patterns and service oriented patterns have a subtle difference between them. Some of the object oriented design patterns form the major antipatterns for SOA such as No legacy Antipattern and vice versa. The SOA antipatterns discussed in the next section utilize the following SOA antipattern template to document the common dysfunctional practices in the adaptation of SOA. It specifies the name, root cause, primal forces, description and the name of the antipattern to which the current antipattern is similar to. Patterns have a problem and a solution while antipatterns have two solutions (instead of a problem and a solution). The first solution generates negative consequences (forces that must be resolved). The second solution is a migration (or refactoring) from the first solution that provides dramatically improved benefits and much reduced consequences. Like design patterns, antipatterns should also follow a general profile format for their representation [9]. Following is the antipattern template used to describe SOA design antipatterns. It comprises of a number of required and optional sections. The core sections are the general form of the antipattern and the re-factored solution. ? Antipattern Name: The Antipattern name is a unique noun phrase. The name is used for future reference to the principles contained in the antipattern. They form the basis for an organization’s terminology when members discuss and document software and architectures. ? Also Known As: This identifies additional popular or descriptive names and phrases for this Antipattern. ? Root Causes: These are the general causes for the antipattern. They can be one or more of the following values: Haste: It is popularly said ‘Haste makes waste’. Hasty decisions lead to compromises in software quality. As successive project deadlines are missed, anything that appears to work is considered acceptable, regardless of quality. Apathy: It refers to not caring about solving known problems. It is a basic unwillingness to attempt a solution. Narrow-mindedness: It is the refusal to practice solutions that are otherwise widely known to be effective. Sloth: Automatically generated interface stubs and skeletons make the task of constructing a distributed system relatively easy. The ease of creating and changing interfaces leads to the deadly sin of sloth—lack of configuration control. Avarice: Architectural avarice means the modeling of excessive details, which results in excessive complexity due to insufficient abstraction. Ignorance: It is the result of failing to seek understanding. The problem of ignorance (implementation dependency) often occurs in the migration of applications to distributed architectures. Pride or resp onsibility: Often, developers unnecessarily invent new designs when knowledge from preexisting systems, products, and standards are readily applied through architecture mining. Reinvention involves many unnecessary risks and costs. Primal Forces: Forces are concerns or issues that exist within a decision-making context. In a design solution, forces that are successfully addressed (or resolved) lead to benefits, and forces that are unresolved lead to consequences. The choices include any of the following: -Management of functionality i. e. meeting the requirements. -Management of performance refers to meeting the required speed of operation. -Management of complexity means defining abstractions. -Management of change controlling the evolution of software. -Management of IT resources refers to controlling use and implementation of people and IT artifacts. Management of technology transfer refers to controlling the change in technology. ? Re-factored Solutions. This section explains a re-factored solution that is structured in terms of solution steps. Proposed SOA Antipatterns Design patterns are proven solutions to a task presented in a standard format and antipattern are the wrong ways of doing a task which initially seemed to be correct. Here, certain domain areas were identified as most error prone areas of SOA implementation, hence probable areas of finding new antipatterns. This was on the basis of the implemented module, case studies and study of the subject. SOA comprises of different architectures as shown in Fig1. Based on these designing of a service oriented application can be further broken up as service design, service composition design and service inventory design. [pic] Figure1: Layered architectures. SOA design is further categorized as Service Design (SD), Service Composition Design (SCD), Service Inventory Design (SID), and Service Oriented Enterprise Design (SOED). The identified domain areas prove to be the weaker links of SOA and need to be implemented correctly and carefully. Few of these domain areas are concept of service, service scalability/load balancing, service discovery, service composition, data sources, security and request change. In this paper, SOA==SOA, using plain WSDL, web service discovery only through UDDI and service for an application are identified as antipatterns and these are discussed in the following subsections. 1 SOA==SOAP Practitioners implementing SOA often consider that, the three standards required for implementing web services are the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), Web Services Description Language (WSDL), and Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI). SOAP is an XML-based protocol to support communication between a Web service, its clients, and UDDI registry. WSDL is an XML-based standardized interface definition language used to describe what a web service can do, where it resides, and how it can be invoked. A WSDL file associated with a Web service contains important details about the Web-service interface for client-service interaction. UDDI standard is used to publish, discover, and manage Web services in an UDDI registry. Although it is a good and most preferred way to implement web services, the other ways to create light weight services should also be preferred. A REST (Representational State Transfer) web service is basically a simplified model where everything is wrapped around the HTTP send/receive protocol. Using services based on SOAP envelop always, may be an overhead, whereas that same work could be done using lightweight approach like REST using traditional methods. The main responsibility of accessing the service in the SOAP-WSDL process lies on the consumer. He will have to programmatically extract the Web service SOAP message in order to do something useful with it in the application. Although core services holding logic should be bind in an SOAP envelop but simple data handling services , CRUD operations should be implemented using traditional Http methods viz. GET, PUT, POST, DELETE i. e. through RESTful way. REST emphasizes resources with a uniform interface for addressing them, while SOAP based RPC emphasizes processes with a uniform interface for invoking them. With a RPC-based architecture, there is no limit to the number of processes. In REST we can everything get by only four basic methods GET, POST, PUT and DELETE of the Http standard, and make the resource addressing handle the variability. For services representing basic CRUD operations, REST way of implementing services is simpler and lightweight. 1 Re-factored Solution In the development of Web service based SOA applications, the designing of services should not be adamant to a traditional style but other approaches should equally be used when and where required. Both the approaches SOAP based and REST based have been compared in the following paragraphs and depending on the requirement, appropriate method for implementing services could be selected. Both these approaches are not the counterparts and can be used together in the same application. 1 Approach REST and SOAP are parallel ways of implementing web services. Let us first discuss these two different approaches of implementing web services. REST is an architectural style that prescribes the use of standards such as Http, URL, Resource representations (XML, HTML, Gif etc. ), MIME Types etc. [11]. The RESTful web service makes available URL to a resource and it may allow the client to specify the format of the returned resource i. e. HTML or an XML document. The service itself may be described using WSDL (Web Service Description Language) or WRDL (Web Resource Description Language) and can be accessed either as a resource or using JSON (Java Script Object Notation). RESTful services are stateless; each request from client to server must contain all necessary information. All resources are accessed with generic interface (Http GET, POST, PUT, DELETE). These resources are named using URI (Uniform Resource Identifier). The client may progress from one state to another using interconnected URL representation. In SOAP method, provider creates and implements a web service interface on an existing application. He has to create a XSD (XML Schema Document) and WSDL contract in order to distribute the web service details to potential consumers. Consumer obtains WSDL contract for consumption through UDDI registry. Then the consumer implements the WSDL in a specific platform Java, C#, PHP, Perl and creates a caller application. Client sends multiple requests using the same URL for all transactions. It is the responsibility of the SOAP server to a parse the SOAP message and determines which method to invoke. The returned data would not contain any URL, since a URL that points to a SOAP service is just to the SOAP server. In REST all decisions are made based upon the URL and the Http method selected while in SOAP, server receives all messages, peeks into the SOAP envelop and then distributes each message to the appropriate application for processing. 2 Proxy servers Proxy servers play a major role as web intermediaries for a web application. Below we briefly discuss their functionality for a web service. In the REST approach, the URL identifies the resource that is desired. The Http method identifies the desired operation. The Proxy server decides based upon the identified resource and the Http method whether or not to allow the operation. Using XLink (the XML hyperlink technology) in addition to providing a URL to the target resource, data about the resource could also be provided using Xlink:role. The application can dynamically make decision about what resource is to be accessed next. In SOAP based approach, proxy server cannot directly allow or disallow the message since it is unaware of the desired contents or resources. Either the proxy server should understand the semantics of each SOAP application that a client will access, but for that the proxy server will need to be updated for each new SOAP application. 3 Caching It refers to the ability to maintain a copy of the desired resources in order to improve the performance. In the REST approach, The response of a resource contains an indication in the Http header of whether the results are cacheable or not. If it is, cache servers make a local copy, which can be returned for the same request if repeated. A SOAP message is always with a POST method, which makes the cache server unaware of the actual intention of the request type (GET or POST). Moreover the SOAP URI is always to the SOAP server which prohibits the cache server again from knowing the actual resource requested. Hence no caching is possible with SOAP. 4 Generic Interface Generic interfaces imply generalized functionality and hence support scalability whereas application specific or custom interface interfaces may need some additional functionality to be called in a generic context. In REST, every resource has a generic interface namely Http GET, PUT POST, and DELETE which enable caching and proxy servers to do their work. Whereas in SOAP, There is no defined standard set of methods. Any type of methods could be defined which makes customization on application basis and reduces scalability. 5 Interoperability Interoperability means sharing the data amongst multiple applications. The more interoperable software programs are, the easier it is for them to exchange information. In REST, Interoperability is based on standardization. REST relies on standards of addressing and naming resources (URI), resource interfaces (GET, POST, PUT etc. ), representations (HTML, XML etc. ), and media types (MIME types). In SOAP, each SOAP message provides its own unique method of naming a resource. Each SOAP application defines its own interface hence interoperability is possible only for closed systems where all participants are known prior. REST and SOAP do not replace each other, each of them have their uses but when making high performance and client rich websites REST can provide a significant improvement. Traditional way of implementing SOA only through SOAP also leads to other antipatterns. REST style needs no registry and makes resources directly available hence it also helps in overcoming the following two antipatterns viz. Discovery of web service through UDDI and Using plain WSDL to define service interface. 2 Standard Representation Following the Standard Antipattern Template [14] and SOA Antipattern Template [31], the above proposed antipatterns can be described as follows: Antipattern Name: SOA==SOAP Also known as/ similar to: Not Applicable Root Cause: The common and fundamental reasons for the problem can be coined as haste, apathy, ignorance. Primal Forces: These are certain architecture and development related concerns or issues present in most decision making context. They greatly affect the design and development process and in this case it can be management of functionality and management of technology transfer. Misuse of these above mentioned forces leads to the development of this antipattern. Description: SOAP-WSDL is considered to be the only way of implementing SOA by companies implementing SOA for the first time. Solution: Although SOAP-WSDL is the established way of SOA implementation through web services but other alternative ways like REST should be equally considered. For CRUD applications RESTful services should be preferred and for application specific services holding core logic SOAP based services should be preferred. 3 Implementation The above antipatterns were derived after final implementation of both the ways of implementing web services i. e. SOAP and REST. Following are few screenshots of their implementation i. e. SOAP-WSDL based web service in . Net hrough Visual Studio 2008 and REST Based web service in java through Netbeans7. 0. 1 Fig. 2 represents a structure of SOAP based service. It shows various methods which are application specific and need not have a generic structure. Figure2: Structure of SOAP based service Fig. 3 shows the structure of REST based service. It reflects certain methods like getJSON() to retrieve java script object notation form of data, getXML() to re trieve its XML format. [pic] Figure3: Structure of REST based service. The Fig. 4 below shows the interface of the REST based web service. In it the resources are available in the form of URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) in the returned page. User can access these web services by simple clicking on the URL shown, the getXML() or getJSON() methods are called accordingly. [pic] Figure4: REST based web service. 2 Using Plain WSDL WSDL (Web Service Description Language) is used to define service interfaces. It describes two different aspects of a service: its signature (name and parameters) and its binding and deployment details (protocol and location). WSDL describes services in three layers: Layer 1: It describes the interface of a service. Layer 2, describing the binding of a web service i. e. protocol and format for which web operations are provided. Layer 3 defines the physical location i. e. address URL where service is available. WSDL does not contain full interface of a service, it does not have any semantic information. A WSDL file does not specify how to access next desired service, how long a service usually runs, who is allowed to call it, how much a service call cost and many other non functional attributes. All these aspects must usually be known in order to manage a service in a large SOA landscape. With future WSDL versions this might change. 1 Re-factored Solution Service Description should be provided in a separate format and WSDL should be generated from it when required. WSDL files can be extended internally with additional XML elements and attributes or externally with supplementary files [20]. WSDL allows elements representing a specific technology under various elements defined by WSDL. These elements are known as extensibility elements. Extensibility elements allow vendors to expose their Web Services as EJB’s, Remote Java Objects and . NET objects without having to write SOAP bindings for them. Currently, the WSDL specification introduces specific binding extensions for the SOAP, HTTP GET/POST, MIME protocols and message formats. Using the extensibility mechanism a service developer can describe commonly used services such as EJB, . NET and Java Objects. The consumer of the service can use the WSDL and generate the necessary client side stubs to invoke the endpoints in the native protocol. This approach has a several advantages. The service developer does not have to spend time in exposing his service with SOAP bindings. Also, invocation of the service will be faster since the call will occur over the native protocol, and less time will be spent for SOAP marshalling and un-marshalling. A service can have multiple bindings associated with it and the consumer of the service will have the choice of selecting one binding or the other. Implementation The Fig. 5 below shows the standard WSDL file for a simple web service in java. [pic] Figure5: Standard WSDL representing a service. In the Fig. 6 code segment the information for locating the EJB is stored in lt;ejb:portgt; section of the WSDL definition and the information for invoking the EJB is stored in the lt;wsdl:bindinggt; section. [pic] Figure6: WSDL extensions using WSDL4J. 2 Standard Representation According to SOA Antipattern Template [31], the above proposed antipatterns can be described as follows: Antipattern Name: Using Plain WSDL to define all service interfaces. Also known as/ similar to: Not Applicable. Root Cause: It can be the result of h aste, sloth and ignorance. Primal Forces: Management of change, management of complexity and management of technology transfer. Description: Simple WSDL describes only two different aspects of a service: its signature (name and parameters) and its binding and deployment details (protocol and location). This does not describe various non functional attributes like how to access next desired service, cost of service etc. Solution: WSDL files can be extended internally with additional XML elements and attributes or externally with supplementary files. Certain extensibility mechanisms have been defined for specific purposes like, those supported by WSDL4J for ejb’s. Techniques for defining WSDL extensions have been proposed [12] and are one of the major research areas in WSDL. 3 Web service discovery only through UDDI In a real SOA enterprise infrastructure with hundreds of services, it is safe to assume that service endpoints are going to constantly be subjected to changes in areas such as location (URL), policy (security, etc) or contract (WSDL, operations). A common practice to accomplish that is to have client application to resolve service metadata such as endpoints or policies against a service repository. In order to address these challenges, the big SOA vendors  (Microsoft, Oracle, IBM etc. ) created a standard that with the purpose of modeling service metadata information that could be used to enable service discovery capabilities. The standard was known as Universal Data Discovery and Integration (UDDI) and, unfortunately, it became the cornerstone of SOA governance products. UDDI has proven to be an incredibly ineffective mechanism to enable service publishing and discovery. The SOA models created with UDDI are incredibly complex to implement and use. They end up becoming another bottleneck of SOA. 1 Re-factored Solution While building SOA application, the complexities of UDDI should be avoided and instead use a simpler mechanism to facilitate the discovery and query of services. This can be achieved by implementing a 100% RESTful API that allows querying the entire service registry using plain HTTP GETs methods. There is no requirement of centralized registry. More advantages of REST are discussed in previous section. User defined or application specific registries can also be defined like Oracle’s OSR (Oracle service registry), But these application specific registries are very complex and far from the reach of a simple programmer. Standard Representation According to SOA Antipattern Template [31], the above proposed antipatterns can be described as follows: Antipattern Name: Discovery of web service through UDDI. Also known as/ similar to: Not Applicable. Root Cause: It can be haste, sloth and ignorance. Primal Forces: Management of performance, management of IT resources and management of technology transfer. Description: Since SOA literatures and previous implementation of the technology, effectively present the usage of UDDI as the central registry for SOA services, the new small projects consider it to be an un-detachable component of SOA. The truth lies behind the fact that UDDI is incredibly complex and difficult to implement. Even and Microsoft have refrain from their UDDI registries. In such case, adhering to UDDI seems to be right but in fact not the perfect way of service discovery. Solution: Customized registries according to the application should be created. Various other registries using JNDI (Java Naming and Directory Interface), OSR (Oracle Service Registry) can also be used in an SOA application. REST based services should be preferred for data access services. They are directly accessed through URI’s hence require no central registry. Service for an application In the development phase of the module it has been observed that the first step in implementation of SOA, if taken mistakenly can prove to be a useless investment. Services are supposed to be designed for achieving main goals of SOA viz. reusability, interoperability, increasing organizational agility etc. Many IT developers with object orie nted experience implement SOA in the way they started Object oriented software. Services are designed application specific. No enterprise level service classification is involved. Service just become another way of creating an application, hence, provides no business benefits. Large numbers of services are designed, leading to another antipattern: Service Silos. These services have little or no reuse across applications. 1 Refactored Solution Proper training and education of basic SOA goals and principles should be given to the involved members before the actual work begins on the project. The service design should also follow basic SOA design principles [12]: 1) Standardized Service Contract: Services in the same inventory should follow same design contract. ) Service Loose Coupling: Services should be loosely coupled with customer requirements and their own surrounding environments. 3) Service Abstraction: Service contract should contain only the essential generic information. 4)Service Reusability: Services should have reusable enterprise logic. 5) Service Autonomy: Services should be autonomous i. e. their runtime environment should be under their control. 6) Service Statelessness: State information should not be maintained with service itself. 7) Service Discoverability: Services should be effectively discovered and interpreted through suitable mechanisms. 2 Standard Representation According to SOA Antipattern Template [31], the above proposed antipatterns can be described as follows: Antipattern Name: Service for an Application. Also known as/ similar to: Not Applicable. Root Cause: It can be haste, apathy, sloth and ignorance. Primal Forces: Management of functionality, management of change, management of complexity and management of technology transfer Description: Services are built for use within an application forgetting the basic service design principles. Solution: The services should be classified as intra application and inter application. Inter application services should be designed for interoperability. Application specific services if required should be at the lowest level and callable only by the generic services providing interface to the service consumer. Services at lowest level should further be properly identified as entity services, task services and utility services [15]. Services should essentially follow basic design principles for a successful SOA implementation. Conclusion and Future Work It has been observed that amongst the large number of addressed SOA antipatterns, failures are mainly due to limited number of interrelated antipatterns focusing mainly on the SOA design. Four antipatterns SOA==SOAP, Discovery of web service through UDDI, Using Plain WSDL to define all service interfaces, Service for an application were identified and represented. The above conclusions and derivations were based on the case studies and SOA implementation, using both, SOAP based and REST based services. In this paper we mainly emphasized SOA design antipatterns. Some of the domain areas such as request change, data handling have been left unexplored and few more antipatterns can be identified.